In 1977, a Freedom of Information Act request uncovered a cache of 20,000 documents relating to MKUltra, which led to Senate hearings. Investigative efforts were hampered by CIA Director Richard Helms's order that all MKUltra files be destroyed in 1973 the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the small number of documents that survived Helms's order. MKUltra was first brought to public attention in 1975 by the Church Committee of the United States Congress and Gerald Ford's United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States (also known as the Rockefeller Commission). The CIA operated using front organizations, although some top officials at these institutions were aware of the CIA's involvement. MKUltra's scope was broad, with activities carried out under the guise of research at more than 80 institutions aside from the military, including colleges and universities, hospitals, prisons, and pharmaceutical companies. : 74 Over 7,000 American veterans took part in these experiments non-consensually during the 1950s through 1970s, many of them suing later on.
and Canadian citizens as unwitting test subjects. The program engaged in illegal activities, including the use of U.S.
It was organized through the CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence and coordinated with the United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories. MKUltra was preceded by two drug-related experiments, Project Bluebird and Project ARTICHOKE. MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of psychoactive drugs (especially LSD) and other chemicals without the subjects' consent, electroshocks, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, isolation, verbal and sexual abuse, and other forms of torture. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), intended to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used in interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through brainwashing and psychological torture. Project MKUltra (or MK-Ultra) was an illegal human experimentation program designed and undertaken by the U.S.
0 kommentar(er)
